VIII. Relations of the Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo with other princes in the Muslim world -- IX. Assumption of the title Khal?fah by independent Muslim princes -- X. The exposition of philosophical and ethical writers -- XI. The Ottomans and the Caliphate -- XII. Sultan Sal?m in Egypt -- XIII. The Mughal emperors in India -- XIV. The later Ottoman Sultans and the Caliphate -- Appendix A.-Shiah and Khaw?rij doctrines of the Caliphate -- Appendix B.-The alleged spiritual powers of the Caliph -- Appendix C.-Popular uses of the term Khal?fah -- Appendix D.-The title Sultan