Based on a thorough study of measurement theory, category theory, and a strong mathematic foundation, Scott Whitmire presents his own formal model of objects - a ground-breaking development for object-oriented design measurement. Using this model, or any other formal model, you can create a custom metric for any design characteristic you can describe through careful observation. This indispensable book guides you through the development process for nine unique design characteristics, including a controversial new "quality of abstraction" characteristic, which combines Sufficiency, Completeness, and Cohesion to help you determine the extent to which components include all the features required of your design.